diff --git a/services/web/frontend/js/vendor/libs/sharejs.js b/services/web/frontend/js/vendor/libs/sharejs.js
index e3bec4804e..1749e61e6d 100644
--- a/services/web/frontend/js/vendor/libs/sharejs.js
+++ b/services/web/frontend/js/vendor/libs/sharejs.js
@@ -1048,6 +1048,24 @@ export const { Doc } = (() => {
             this.version = msg.v;
           }
 
+          // Overleaf: an inflight op that cancelled out against a remote op is
+          // empty; there is nothing to resend. Drop it (resolving its callbacks and
+          // clearing the dedup ids) so we do not resend an empty op. If there is no
+          // pending op either, the doc is fully in sync, so emit 'saved'; otherwise
+          // flush() below sends the pending op normally.
+          if (this.inflightOp && this.inflightOp.length === 0) {
+            this.inflightOp = null;
+            var inflightCallbacks = this.inflightCallbacks;
+            this.inflightCallbacks = [];
+            this.inflightSubmittedIds.length = 0;
+            inflightCallbacks.forEach(function (callback) {
+              callback(null);
+            });
+            if (this.pendingOp === null) {
+              this.emit('saved');
+            }
+          }
+
           // Resend any previously queued operation.
           if (this.inflightOp) {
             var response = {
@@ -1145,6 +1163,21 @@ export const { Doc } = (() => {
 
                 this.pendingOp = _Array$from8[0];
                 undo = _Array$from8[1];
+
+                // Overleaf: a pending op fully reverted by the undo is a no-op.
+                // Drop it (rather than leaving an empty op list) so it is not
+                // flushed and sent as an empty op. Resolve its submit callbacks; the
+                // inflight op was already cleared above, so the doc is fully in
+                // sync: emit 'saved'.
+                if (this.pendingOp.length === 0) {
+                  this.pendingOp = null;
+                  var pendingCallbacks = this.pendingCallbacks;
+                  this.pendingCallbacks = [];
+                  pendingCallbacks.forEach(function (callback) {
+                    callback(null);
+                  });
+                  this.emit('saved');
+                }
               }
 
               // ... and apply it locally, reverting the changes.
@@ -1261,6 +1294,23 @@ export const { Doc } = (() => {
 
             this.pendingOp = _Array$from12[0];
             docOp = _Array$from12[1];
+
+            // Overleaf: a pending op that fully cancels against the server op is a
+            // no-op. Drop it (rather than leaving an empty op list) so it is not
+            // flushed and sent to the server as an empty op. Resolve its submit
+            // callbacks (it completed as a no-op), and if nothing is inflight either
+            // the doc is fully in sync, so emit 'saved'.
+            if (this.pendingOp.length === 0) {
+              this.pendingOp = null;
+              var pendingCallbacks = this.pendingCallbacks;
+              this.pendingCallbacks = [];
+              pendingCallbacks.forEach(function (callback) {
+                callback(null);
+              });
+              if (this.inflightOp === null) {
+                this.emit('saved');
+              }
+            }
           }
 
           this.version++;
diff --git a/services/web/test/frontend/features/ide-react/unit/share-js-doc-transform.test.js b/services/web/test/frontend/features/ide-react/unit/share-js-doc-transform.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74f451f829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/web/test/frontend/features/ide-react/unit/share-js-doc-transform.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+import { expect } from 'chai'
+import sinon from 'sinon'
+import sharejs, { Doc } from '@/vendor/libs/sharejs'
+
+// When client ops are rebased on top of remote (or inverted/undo) ops via
+// `Doc._xf`, a local delete that fully overlaps the other op cancels out and the
+// transform produces an empty op list (`[]`).
+//
+// A *pending* op that cancels this way has not been sent yet, so the Doc drops it
+// to `null` rather than leaving an empty `[]`. This means:
+//   - hasBufferedOps() (inflightOp != null || pendingOp != null) does not report a
+//     phantom buffered op, and `saved` is emitted as soon as the doc is in sync, so
+//     OpenDocuments.awaitBufferedOps resolves.
+//   - flush() does not rotate/send an empty op to the server.
+//   - the dropped op's submit callbacks are resolved with success (it completed as
+//     a no-op), rather than being lost.
+// An *inflight* op that cancels was already sent as a real op, so it stays `[]`: it
+// keeps blocking flush() until its ack arrives (preserving the one-inflight
+// invariant) and self-heals on that ack. It is never re-sent in the normal flow.
+//
+// Each test drives the scenario until the doc fully drains (hasBufferedOps() ===
+// false), pins the lifecycle events (flipped_pending_to_inflight / acknowledge /
+// saved), and asserts that no empty op is ever sent to the server.
+//
+// Coverage: the remote-op branch of _onMessage transforms inflight (if present) then
+// pending (if present); the rejection branch transforms only pending by the inverted
+// undo. These tests cover every combination in which a transform can empty an op:
+//   - inflight emptied / pending none ........ "empties inflightOp ... (pending empty)"
+//   - inflight emptied / pending emptied ..... "empties inflightOp and drops pendingOp ..."
+//   - inflight emptied / pending survives .... "empties inflightOp while pendingOp stays valid"
+//   - inflight survives / pending emptied .... "drops pendingOp ... leaving inflightOp intact"
+//   - inflight none / pending emptied ........ "drops pendingOp with no inflight op"
+//   - rejection / pending emptied ............ "drops pendingOp when the inverted undo ..."
+//   - rejection / pending survives ........... "keeps a valid pendingOp when the inverted undo ..."
+
+// A minimal stand-in for the realtime Connection. The Doc only uses `send`,
+// `state` and `id` (see services/web/frontend/js/features/ide-react/editor/share-js-doc.ts).
+class MockConnection {
+  constructor() {
+    this.sent = []
+    this.state = 'ok'
+    this.id = 'client-1'
+  }
+
+  send(msg) {
+    this.sent.push(msg)
+  }
+}
+
+describe('ShareJS Doc empty operation transforms', function () {
+  let clock
+
+  beforeEach(function () {
+    clock = sinon.useFakeTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    clock.restore()
+  })
+
+  // Mirrors how ShareJsDoc holds/initializes a Doc: construct with the OT type,
+  // set the collaborative flush delay, then open it via an `open` message which
+  // sets state/version/snapshot.
+  function makeDoc(snapshot = 'foo', version = 0) {
+    const connection = new MockConnection()
+    const doc = new Doc(connection, 'doc-1', { type: sharejs.types.text })
+    doc.setFlushDelay(500) // MULTI_USER_FLUSH_DELAY, the collaborative delay
+    doc._onMessage({ open: true, v: version, snapshot })
+    return { doc, connection }
+  }
+
+  // Simulate a remote op arriving from another client. `meta` is required: the
+  // ack-detection branch in _onMessage dereferences `msg.meta.source`.
+  function remote(doc, op, v) {
+    doc._onMessage({ doc: 'doc-1', op, v, meta: { source: 'other-client' } })
+  }
+
+  // Mirrors ShareJsDoc.hasBufferedOps (share-js-doc.ts).
+  function hasBufferedOps(doc) {
+    return doc.inflightOp != null || doc.pendingOp != null
+  }
+
+  // Ack the current inflight op the way the server would: an op-less message at
+  // the doc's current version.
+  function ack(doc) {
+    doc._onMessage({ doc: 'doc-1', v: doc.version })
+  }
+
+  // Record the buffered-op lifecycle events, in order, into the returned array.
+  //   - flipped_pending_to_inflight: one per flush/send
+  //   - acknowledge: per successful ack (not on rejection)
+  //   - saved: emitted once the doc has no buffered ops
+  function recordEvents(doc) {
+    const events = []
+    for (const name of [
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'acknowledge',
+      'saved',
+    ]) {
+      doc.on(name, () => events.push(name))
+    }
+    return events
+  }
+
+  // Assert that every op sent to the server was non-empty.
+  function expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection) {
+    for (const msg of connection.sent) {
+      expect(msg.op.length, 'sent an empty op').to.be.greaterThan(0)
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('empties inflightOp when a remote op cancels it (pending empty)', function () {
+    const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+    const events = recordEvents(doc)
+
+    doc.submitOp([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+    clock.tick(500) // flush: pending -> inflight
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+
+    // Remote client deletes the whole word, fully overlapping the inflight delete.
+    remote(doc, [{ d: 'foo', p: 0 }], 0)
+
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    // The op is still inflight, so `saved` has not fired yet.
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight'])
+
+    // --- flushes eventually ---
+    // The emptied inflight op still reports as buffered.
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(true)
+    // A flush sends nothing new: the (now empty) op is still inflight, and the
+    // real op was already sent before it was emptied.
+    const sentBefore = connection.sent.length
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(connection.sent.length).to.equal(sentBefore)
+    // The already-sent op is acknowledged by the server, clearing the inflight
+    // slot. With nothing pending, the doc is fully drained.
+    ack(doc)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal([
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'saved',
+      'acknowledge',
+    ])
+    expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+  })
+
+  it('drops pendingOp when a remote op cancels it, leaving inflightOp intact', function () {
+    const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+    const events = recordEvents(doc)
+
+    // Alice appends `bar` and it goes inflight.
+    doc.submitOp([{ i: 'bar', p: 3 }])
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'bar', p: 3 }])
+
+    // While the append is inflight, Alice deletes `f` (stays pending).
+    doc.submitOp([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+
+    // Bob's removal of `foo` arrives and cancels Alice's pending delete.
+    remote(doc, [{ d: 'foo', p: 0 }], 0)
+
+    // The inflight insert survives the transform (its position shifts); the pending
+    // delete fully cancels and is dropped to null (not left as an empty `[]`).
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'bar', p: 0 }])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    // The inflight op still survives, so no `saved` yet; only the initial flush.
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight'])
+
+    // --- flushes eventually ---
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(true)
+    // Acking the inflight insert now finds pendingOp === null, so it emits `saved`
+    // and the doc is fully drained. No empty op was flushed or sent.
+    ack(doc)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal([
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'saved',
+      'acknowledge',
+    ])
+    expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+  })
+
+  it('empties inflightOp and drops pendingOp from a single remote op', function () {
+    const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+    const events = recordEvents(doc)
+
+    doc.submitOp([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+    clock.tick(500) // inflight: delete `f` -> snapshot `oo`
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+
+    doc.submitOp([{ d: 'o', p: 0 }]) // pending: delete `o` -> snapshot `o`
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'o', p: 0 }])
+
+    // Remote delete of `foo` cancels the inflight `f`; the remainder (`oo`) then
+    // cancels the pending `o`.
+    remote(doc, [{ d: 'foo', p: 0 }], 0)
+
+    // The inflight op was already sent, so it stays as an empty `[]` (occupying the
+    // inflight slot until acked); the pending op is dropped to null.
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    // The empty inflight op is still buffered, so no `saved` yet.
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight'])
+
+    // --- flushes eventually ---
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(true)
+    // Acking the (already-sent, now empty) inflight op finds pendingOp === null and
+    // emits `saved`; the doc is fully drained. No empty op was flushed or sent.
+    ack(doc)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal([
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'saved',
+      'acknowledge',
+    ])
+    expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+  })
+
+  it('drops pendingOp when the inverted undo of a rejected op cancels it', function () {
+    const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+    const events = recordEvents(doc)
+
+    // Insert `x`, it goes inflight.
+    doc.submitOp([{ i: 'x', p: 0 }])
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'x', p: 0 }])
+
+    // Pending op deletes that same `x`, with a submit callback attached.
+    const submitCallback = sinon.spy()
+    doc.submitOp([{ d: 'x', p: 0 }], submitCallback)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'x', p: 0 }])
+
+    // Server rejects the inflight insert. The undo (invert) is `delete x`, which is
+    // transformed against the pending delete and cancels it out. The inflight op is
+    // cleared, and the pending op is dropped to null (not left as an empty `[]`);
+    // with nothing left to send, the rejection handler emits `saved` and resolves
+    // the dropped op's submit callback.
+    doc._onMessage({ doc: 'doc-1', v: 0, error: 'rejected' })
+
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    // The rejection emits no `acknowledge`; `saved` fires because the pending op
+    // was dropped, leaving the doc in sync.
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight', 'saved'])
+    // The dropped op's submit callback is resolved immediately (success).
+    expect(submitCallback).to.have.been.calledOnceWith(null)
+
+    // --- flushes eventually ---
+    // Nothing is buffered, so the next flush sends nothing (no empty op).
+    const sentBefore = connection.sent.length
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(connection.sent.length).to.equal(sentBefore)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight', 'saved'])
+    expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+  })
+
+  it('empties inflightOp while pendingOp stays valid', function () {
+    const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+    const events = recordEvents(doc)
+
+    // Delete `f` goes inflight (snapshot `foo` -> `oo`).
+    doc.submitOp([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+
+    // Insert `X` at the end stays pending (snapshot `oo` -> `ooX`).
+    doc.submitOp([{ i: 'X', p: 2 }])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'X', p: 2 }])
+
+    // Remote delete of `foo` cancels the inflight `f`; the remaining `oo` shifts
+    // the pending insert, which survives.
+    remote(doc, [{ d: 'foo', p: 0 }], 0)
+
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'X', p: 0 }])
+    // Only the initial flush has happened so far; the emptied inflight op and the
+    // surviving pending op emit nothing here.
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight'])
+
+    // --- flushes eventually ---
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(true)
+    // Acking the (already-sent, now empty) inflight op leaves the still-valid
+    // pending op, so `saved` is suppressed.
+    ack(doc)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'X', p: 0 }])
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(true)
+    // The next flush sends the real (non-empty) pending op to the server.
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(connection.sent[connection.sent.length - 1].op).to.deep.equal([
+      { i: 'X', p: 0 },
+    ])
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'X', p: 0 }])
+    // Acking the real op drains the doc.
+    ack(doc)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal([
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'acknowledge',
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'saved',
+      'acknowledge',
+    ])
+    expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+  })
+
+  it('drops pendingOp with no inflight op', function () {
+    const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+    const events = recordEvents(doc)
+
+    // Delete `f` stays pending (never flushed, so nothing is inflight), with a
+    // submit callback attached.
+    const submitCallback = sinon.spy()
+    doc.submitOp([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }], submitCallback)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+
+    // Remote delete of `foo` cancels the pending delete.
+    remote(doc, [{ d: 'foo', p: 0 }], 0)
+
+    // With no inflight op, the cancelled pending op is dropped to null and, since
+    // the doc is now fully in sync, `saved` is emitted immediately and the submit
+    // callback is resolved.
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['saved'])
+    expect(submitCallback).to.have.been.calledOnceWith(null)
+
+    // --- flushes eventually ---
+    // Nothing is buffered, so the next flush sends nothing (no empty op).
+    const sentBefore = connection.sent.length
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(connection.sent.length).to.equal(sentBefore)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['saved'])
+    expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a valid pendingOp when the inverted undo of a rejected op shifts it', function () {
+    const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+    const events = recordEvents(doc)
+
+    // Insert `x` at the start goes inflight (snapshot `foo` -> `xfoo`).
+    doc.submitOp([{ i: 'x', p: 0 }])
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'x', p: 0 }])
+
+    // Insert `y` at the end stays pending (snapshot `xfoo` -> `xfooy`).
+    doc.submitOp([{ i: 'y', p: 4 }])
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'y', p: 4 }])
+
+    // Server rejects the inflight insert. The undo (invert) is `delete x`, which
+    // transforms the pending insert: it survives but shifts left by one.
+    doc._onMessage({ doc: 'doc-1', v: 0, error: 'rejected' })
+
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+    expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'y', p: 3 }])
+    // A rejection emits neither `acknowledge` nor `saved`.
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight'])
+
+    // --- flushes eventually ---
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(true)
+    // The surviving pending op is flushed and sent as a real (non-empty) op.
+    clock.tick(500)
+    expect(connection.sent[connection.sent.length - 1].op).to.deep.equal([
+      { i: 'y', p: 3 },
+    ])
+    expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'y', p: 3 }])
+    // Acking the real op drains the doc.
+    ack(doc)
+    expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+    expect(events).to.deep.equal([
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      'saved',
+      'acknowledge',
+    ])
+    expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+  })
+
+  // An inflight op that cancels to `[]` was already sent, so it stays `[]` until
+  // acked. If the connection drops and reopens before that ack, the reconnect
+  // handler (_onMessage with open: true) drops the emptied inflight op rather than
+  // resending an empty `{ op: [] }`: it resolves the op's callbacks and flushes any
+  // pending op normally.
+  describe('reconnecting with an emptied inflight op', function () {
+    it('drops the emptied inflight op when there is no pending op', function () {
+      const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+      const events = recordEvents(doc)
+      const submitCallback = sinon.spy()
+
+      // Delete `f` is submitted, flushed inflight, and sent.
+      doc.submitOp([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }], submitCallback)
+      clock.tick(500)
+      expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+
+      // A remote delete of `foo` cancels the inflight delete to an empty op.
+      remote(doc, [{ d: 'foo', p: 0 }], 0)
+      expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([])
+      expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+
+      // The connection drops and reopens before the inflight op was acked.
+      doc._connectionStateChanged('disconnected')
+      const sentBefore = connection.sent.length
+      doc._onMessage({ doc: 'doc-1', open: true, v: doc.version })
+
+      // The emptied inflight op is dropped rather than resent: nothing is sent, the
+      // doc is fully drained, and the submit callback is resolved.
+      expect(connection.sent.length).to.equal(sentBefore)
+      expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+      expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+      expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+      expect(events).to.deep.equal(['flipped_pending_to_inflight', 'saved'])
+      expect(submitCallback).to.have.been.calledOnceWith(null)
+      expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+    })
+
+    it('drops the emptied inflight op and flushes the pending op', function () {
+      const { doc, connection } = makeDoc('foo')
+      const events = recordEvents(doc)
+      const submitCallback = sinon.spy()
+
+      // Delete `f` is submitted, flushed inflight, and sent (snapshot `oo`).
+      doc.submitOp([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }], submitCallback)
+      clock.tick(500)
+      expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ d: 'f', p: 0 }])
+
+      // Insert `X` is submitted and stays pending (snapshot `oo` -> `ooX`).
+      doc.submitOp([{ i: 'X', p: 2 }])
+      expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'X', p: 2 }])
+
+      // A remote delete of `foo` cancels the inflight delete to empty; the pending
+      // insert survives (shifted left).
+      remote(doc, [{ d: 'foo', p: 0 }], 0)
+      expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([])
+      expect(doc.pendingOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'X', p: 0 }])
+
+      // Disconnect + reopen before the inflight op was acked.
+      doc._connectionStateChanged('disconnected')
+      const sentBefore = connection.sent.length
+      doc._onMessage({ doc: 'doc-1', open: true, v: doc.version })
+
+      // The emptied inflight op is dropped (resolving its callback) rather than
+      // resent; the surviving pending op is flushed as a real (non-empty) op.
+      expect(connection.sent.length).to.equal(sentBefore + 1)
+      expect(connection.sent[connection.sent.length - 1].op).to.deep.equal([
+        { i: 'X', p: 0 },
+      ])
+      expect(doc.inflightOp).to.deep.equal([{ i: 'X', p: 0 }])
+      expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+      expect(events).to.deep.equal([
+        'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+        'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+      ])
+      expect(submitCallback).to.have.been.calledOnceWith(null)
+
+      // Acking the real op drains the doc.
+      ack(doc)
+      expect(doc.inflightOp).to.equal(null)
+      expect(doc.pendingOp).to.equal(null)
+      expect(hasBufferedOps(doc)).to.equal(false)
+      expect(events).to.deep.equal([
+        'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+        'flipped_pending_to_inflight',
+        'saved',
+        'acknowledge',
+      ])
+      expectNoEmptyOpsSent(connection)
+    })
+  })
+})